TOP 100 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS IN CANCER MEDICINE
- What is cancer medicine?
Cancer medicine refers to the branch of medical science that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of various types of cancer.
- What causes cancer?
Cancer is caused by genetic mutations or changes in the DNA of cells that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division.
- What are the most common types of cancer?
Some of the most common types of cancer include breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and skin cancer.
- What is chemotherapy?
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells by either killing them or preventing them from dividing.
- How does radiation therapy work in cancer treatment?
Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to damage cancer cells’ DNA and prevent them from growing and dividing.
- What is targeted therapy in cancer treatment?
Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that specifically targets cancer cells by interfering with specific molecules involved in tumor growth.
- What is immunotherapy?
Immunotherapy is a cancer treatment that enhances the body’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
- What is hormonal therapy for cancer?
Hormonal therapy is used to treat hormone-sensitive cancers by blocking or suppressing the hormones that fuel cancer growth.
- What is precision medicine in cancer treatment?
Precision medicine uses genetic and molecular profiling to tailor cancer treatments based on an individual’s specific genetic characteristics and tumor markers.
- What is the role of surgery in cancer treatment?
Surgery is used to remove cancerous tumors and surrounding tissues to treat cancer that is localized and hasn’t spread to other parts of the body.
- What are the side effects of cancer treatments?
Side effects of cancer treatments can include nausea, fatigue, hair loss, immune system suppression, and gastrointestinal issues.
- What is palliative care in cancer medicine?
Palliative care focuses on providing relief from the symptoms and suffering associated with cancer, aiming to improve the patient’s quality of life.
- How is a cancer diagnosis confirmed?
A cancer diagnosis is typically confirmed through a biopsy, where a small sample of tissue is removed and examined under a microscope.
- What is a tumor staging system?
Tumor staging is a standardized method used to describe the size and extent of cancer in a patient’s body and helps determine the appropriate treatment approach.
- Can cancer be prevented?
While not all cancers can be prevented, lifestyle factors like avoiding smoking, maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and limiting alcohol intake can lower the risk of certain cancers.
- What is BRCA gene testing?
BRCA gene testing is a genetic test that identifies mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers.
- What is a clinical trial in cancer medicine?
Clinical trials are research studies that test new cancer treatments or combinations of treatments to evaluate their safety and effectiveness.
- How does smoking contribute to cancer?
Smoking is a significant risk factor for various cancers, including lung, throat, mouth, and bladder cancers, among others.
- What is the role of nutrition in cancer prevention and treatment?
A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help reduce the risk of certain cancers and support overall health during cancer treatment.
- Can cancer medicine affect fertility?
Certain cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can impact fertility, so preserving fertility options may be considered before starting treatment.
- What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor?
A benign tumor is non-cancerous and usually does not spread to other parts of the body, while a malignant tumor is cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and metastasize to other organs.
- How does cancer metastasize?
Cancer metastasizes when cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to establish new tumors in distant parts of the body.
- Can cancer medicine be used in combination with other treatments?
Yes, cancer medicine is often used in combination with surgery, radiation therapy, or other treatments to provide the best possible outcome for the patient.
- What are the risk factors for skin cancer?
Risk factors for skin cancer include excessive sun exposure, fair skin, a history of sunburns, and a family history of skin cancer.
- Can cancer medicine be used for palliative purposes only?
Yes, cancer medicine can be used solely for palliative care to alleviate pain and symptoms in advanced cancer cases where curative treatment may not be feasible.
- How is leukemia treated?
Treatment for leukemia may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and bone marrow or stem cell transplantation.
- What is the role of the oncologist in cancer medicine?
An oncologist is a medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. They oversee a patient’s cancer treatment plan and coordinate various therapies.
- What is CAR T-cell therapy?
CAR T-cell therapy is a form of immunotherapy where a patient’s T cells are genetically engineered to better recognize and attack cancer cells.
- What is the significance of early cancer detection?
Early cancer detection increases the chances of successful treatment and better outcomes for patients.
- How does HPV contribute to cancer development?
Certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cervical, anal, and other cancers.
- What are the symptoms of breast cancer?
Symptoms of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, changes in breast size or shape, nipple discharge, or skin changes on the breast.
- Can cancer medicine be personalized based on genetic testing?
Yes, genetic testing can help identify specific mutations in a patient’s cancer cells, allowing for more targeted and personalized treatment approaches.
- What is the role of supportive care in cancer medicine?
Supportive care focuses on managing the side effects of cancer treatment and providing emotional and psychological support to patients and their families.
- Can cancer medicine lead to remission?
Yes, cancer medicine, especially in combination with other treatments, can lead to complete or partial remission, where cancer becomes undetectable or decreases significantly.
- How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Prostate cancer can be diagnosed through a combination of a digital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test, and a prostate biopsy.
- What are the risk factors for lung cancer?
Risk factors for lung cancer include smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, exposure to radon gas, and exposure to certain occupational hazards like asbestos.
- What is the role of genetic counseling in cancer medicine?
Genetic counseling helps individuals understand their risk of developing certain types of cancer based on their family history and genetic testing.
- What is a mastectomy?
A mastectomy is a surgical procedure to remove all or part of the breast, commonly used in breast cancer treatment.
- Can cancer medicine be used in children?
Yes, cancer medicine can be used to treat childhood cancers, and there are specific treatment protocols designed for pediatric patients.
- What is the role of the FDA in cancer medicine?
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates and approves new cancer drugs and treatments based on their safety and efficacy.
- What is the role of angiogenesis inhibitors in cancer treatment?
Angiogenesis inhibitors are drugs that block the formation of new blood vessels that supply nutrients to tumors, thus preventing their growth.
- What are the side effects of immunotherapy?
Immunotherapy side effects may include immune-related adverse events, such as rash, diarrhea, and inflammation of organs.
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. How does hormonal therapy work in breast cancer treatment?
Hormonal therapy in breast cancer treatment aims to block the effects of hormones like estrogen that fuel the growth of hormone receptor-positive breast cancers.
- What is the role of a multidisciplinary team in cancer treatment?
A multidisciplinary team consists of various healthcare professionals who collaborate to develop a comprehensive cancer treatment plan, considering different aspects of the patient’s health.
- What is the role of anti-emetic drugs in cancer medicine?
Anti-emetic drugs are used to control nausea and vomiting, which are common side effects of cancer treatments like chemotherapy.
- Can cancer medicine cause long-term effects?
Yes, some cancer treatments may lead to long-term effects, such as heart or lung problems, fertility issues, and secondary cancers.
- What are the symptoms of pancreatic cancer?
Symptoms of pancreatic cancer may include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and digestive problems.
- How is colorectal cancer screened for?
Colorectal cancer can be screened for through tests like colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and stool tests for blood.
- What is the role of a radiologist in cancer medicine?
A radiologist interprets medical imaging, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs, to aid in cancer diagnosis and treatment planning.
- Can cancer medicine be used to shrink tumors before surgery?
Yes, cancer medicine may be used as neoadjuvant therapy to reduce tumor size before surgical removal.
- How does chronic inflammation contribute to cancer development?
Chronic inflammation can lead to DNA damage and promote the growth of cancer cells.
- What is the role of genetic mutations in cancer?
Genetic mutations can drive cancer development by disrupting normal cell growth and division processes.
- Can cancer medicine be used to manage cancer-related pain?
Yes, cancer medicine can be used to manage pain associated with cancer or its treatments.
- What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
Risk factors for ovarian cancer include a family history of ovarian or breast cancer, certain genetic mutations, and never having been pregnant.
- How is liver cancer diagnosed?
Liver cancer can be diagnosed through imaging tests, liver function tests, and a liver biopsy.
- What is the role of oncolytic viruses in cancer treatment?
Oncolytic viruses are viruses that selectively infect and kill cancer cells, while sparing healthy cells, providing a novel approach to cancer therapy.
- What is the role of epigenetics in cancer development?
Epigenetic changes can influence gene expression and contribute to cancer development.
- Can cancer medicine be used to prevent cancer recurrence?
Yes, adjuvant therapy is used after primary cancer treatment to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.
- How does exercise benefit cancer patients?
Regular exercise can help improve cancer patients’ physical function, reduce fatigue, and enhance their overall well-being during and after treatment.
- What is the role of anti-angiogenic therapy in cancer treatment?
Anti-angiogenic therapy targets the blood vessels that supply nutrients to tumors, hindering their growth.
- Can cancer medicine be used to treat rare cancers?
Yes, cancer medicine can be used to treat rare cancers, but treatment approaches may vary based on the specific type of cancer.
- How does chronic stress affect cancer patients?
Chronic stress may weaken the immune system and impact the body’s ability to fight cancer.
- What is the role of the pathologist in cancer medicine?
The pathologist examines tissue samples under a microscope to make a precise cancer diagnosis and determine its characteristics.
- How is testicular cancer treated?
Treatment for testicular cancer may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
- What is the role of end-of-life care in cancer medicine?
End-of-life care focuses on providing comfort and support to patients with advanced cancer and their families.
- Can cancer medicine be used to treat brain tumors?
Yes, cancer medicine, including chemotherapy and targeted therapy, can be used to treat brain tumors.
- How is esophageal cancer diagnosed?
Esophageal cancer can be diagnosed through endoscopy, biopsy, and imaging tests.
- What is the role of exercise in cancer prevention?
Regular physical activity can reduce the risk of certain cancers and promote overall health.
- Can cancer medicine be used in combination with complementary therapies?
Yes, some cancer patients may use complementary therapies alongside conventional treatments to manage symptoms and improve well-being.
- What is the role of a social worker in cancer medicine?
A social worker helps patients and their families cope with the emotional, financial, and practical challenges of cancer treatment.
- How does obesity increase cancer risk?
Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation and hormonal changes that can increase the risk of certain cancers.
- Can cancer medicine be used to treat leukemia in children?
Yes, cancer medicine is used to treat childhood leukemia, and treatment protocols are tailored for pediatric patients.
- What is the role of liquid biopsies in cancer diagnosis?
Liquid biopsies analyze blood samples for tumor-derived genetic material, offering a less invasive way to diagnose and monitor cancer.
- How is bladder cancer treated?
Treatment for bladder cancer may include surgery, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
- Can cancer medicine be used to treat melanoma?
Yes, cancer medicine, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy, can be used to treat melanoma.
- What is the role of the immune system in cancer prevention?
A healthy immune system can recognize and eliminate cancer cells before they develop into tumors.
- How is stomach cancer diagnosed?
Stomach cancer can be diagnosed through endoscopy, biopsy, imaging tests, and blood tests.
- Can cancer medicine be used to treat sarcomas?
Yes, cancer medicine, such as chemotherapy and targeted therapy, can be used to treat certain types of sarcomas.
- What is the role of an oncology nurse in cancer medicine?
An oncology nurse provides care, education, and support to cancer patients throughout their treatment journey.
- How does alcohol consumption affect cancer risk?
Excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for various cancers, including liver, breast, and esophageal cancers.
- Can cancer medicine be used to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Yes, cancer medicine, including chemotherapy and immunotherapy, is used to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
- What is the role of the National Cancer Institute (NCI)?
The National Cancer Institute conducts and supports cancer research and provides information on cancer-related topics.
- How is cervical cancer treated?
Treatment for cervical cancer may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
- Can cancer medicine be used in combination with radiation therapy?
Yes, cancer medicine can be used in combination with radiation therapy to enhance treatment effectiveness.
- What is the role of a geneticist in cancer medicine?
A geneticist helps identify genetic factors that may influence cancer risk and guide personalized treatment options.
- How is head and neck cancer diagnosed?
Head and neck cancer can be diagnosed through physical examination, biopsy, and imaging tests.
- Can cancer medicine be used to treat multiple myeloma?
Yes, cancer medicine, such as chemotherapy and targeted therapy, is used to treat multiple myeloma.
- What is the role of a nutritionist in cancer medicine?
A nutritionist helps develop personalized diet plans to support cancer patients’ nutritional needs during treatment.
- How is kidney cancer treated?
Treatment for kidney cancer may include surgery, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy.
- Can cancer medicine be used
to treat neuroblastoma?
Yes, cancer medicine, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, is used to treat neuroblastoma.
- What is the role of a psychologist in cancer medicine?
A psychologist provides mental and emotional support to cancer patients and helps them cope with the challenges of their diagnosis and treatment.
- How is gallbladder cancer diagnosed?
Gallbladder cancer can be diagnosed through imaging tests, biopsy, and blood tests.
- Can cancer medicine be used to treat thyroid cancer?
Yes, cancer medicine, including radioactive iodine and targeted therapy, is used to treat thyroid cancer.
- What is the role of a cancer navigator in cancer medicine?
A cancer navigator guides patients through the complex healthcare system, helping them access appropriate care and resources.
- How is ovarian cancer treated?
Treatment for ovarian cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.
- Can cancer medicine be used to treat leukemia in adults?
Yes, cancer medicine, such as chemotherapy and targeted therapy, is used to treat leukemia in adults.
- What is the role of a pain management specialist in cancer medicine?
A pain management specialist helps control cancer-related pain through various techniques and medications.
- How is small cell lung cancer treated?
Treatment for small cell lung cancer may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy.
- Can cancer medicine be used to treat lymphoma?
Yes, cancer medicine, such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy, is used to treat lymphoma.
- What is the role of a counselor or therapist in cancer medicine?
A counselor or therapist offers emotional and psychological support to cancer patients and helps them cope with the emotional impact of their diagnosis and treatment.