50 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS IN CELL BIOLOGY YOU MUST KNOW.
- Q: What is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms?
A: The cell.
- Q: What is the main function of the cell membrane?
A: The cell membrane regulates the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell, maintaining its internal environment.
- Q: Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in the cell?
A: The ribosome.
- Q: What is the process by which a cell engulfs solid particles from its surroundings?
A: Phagocytosis.
- Q: Which cellular organelle is involved in the breakdown of cellular waste and cellular debris?
A: The lysosome.
- Q: What is the energy currency of the cell?
A: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
- Q: Which cellular organelle is responsible for generating ATP through cellular respiration?
A: The mitochondrion.
- Q: What is the process by which a cell divides to form two identical daughter cells?
A: Mitosis.
- Q: In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
A: S phase.
- Q: Which organelle is responsible for packaging and transporting proteins within the cell?
A: The Golgi apparatus.
- Q: What is the term for the network of protein filaments that provides structural support and shape to the cell?
A: The cytoskeleton.
- Q: What is the function of the nucleus in the cell?
A: The nucleus houses the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
- Q: Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
A: The chloroplast.
- Q: What are the two main types of cell division in eukaryotic cells?
A: Mitosis and meiosis.
- Q: Which type of cell division is responsible for the formation of gametes (sperm and eggs)?
A: Meiosis.
- Q: What is the process by which water moves across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration?
A: Osmosis.
- Q: What is the name of the structure that separates the contents of the cell from the surrounding environment?
A: The cell membrane (plasma membrane).
- Q: Which organelle is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons?
A: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER).
- Q: What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) in the cell?
A: The rough ER is involved in protein synthesis and sorting.
- Q: What is the term for the process by which cells specialize and acquire specific functions in a multicellular organism?
A: Cell differentiation.
- Q: What are the small hair-like structures on the cell surface that aid in cellular movement?
A: Cilia and flagella.
- Q: Which cell organelle is responsible for the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of harmful substances?
A: Peroxisomes.
- Q: What is the process by which mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein?
A: Translation.
- Q: What is the primary site of ribosome assembly in the cell?
A: The nucleolus.
- Q: What is the term for the phase of the cell cycle when the cell is not actively dividing?
A: Interphase.
- Q: Which organelle contains the cell’s DNA in prokaryotic cells?
A: The nucleoid.
- Q: What is the name of the specialized junctions that allow direct communication between adjacent cells?
A: Gap junctions.
- Q: Which type of transport requires the input of energy to move substances against their concentration gradient?
A: Active transport.
- Q: What is the process by which cells engulf liquid from their surroundings?
A: Pinocytosis.
- Q: Which organelle contains digestive enzymes and is involved in breaking down cellular waste?
A: Lysosome.
- Q: What is the term for the cell’s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite external changes?
A: Homeostasis.
- Q: Which organelle plays a crucial role in cell division by organizing the microtubules?
A: Centrosome.
- Q: What is the name of the process by which cells use energy to move substances against their concentration gradient through a protein pump?
A: Active transport.
- Q: Which organelle is involved in protein synthesis and contains RNA and ribosomes?
A: The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER).
- Q: What is the term for the cell division process that results in the production of haploid gametes?
A: Meiosis.
- Q: Which cellular organelle is involved in lipid metabolism and calcium storage?
A: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER).
- Q: What is the process by which cells engulf extracellular material using invaginations of the cell membrane?
A: Endocytosis.
- Q: Which type of cell division is responsible for the growth and repair of somatic cells?
A: Mitosis.
- Q: What is the name of the structure that regulates the passage of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?
A: The nuclear pore.
- Q: Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis and maturation of ribosomes?
A: The nucleolus.
- Q: What is the term for the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
A: Diffusion.
- Q: Which organelle is responsible for the breakdown of cellular waste and damaged organelles?
A: The lysosome.
- Q: What is the process by which the cell membrane expels waste materials or secretes substances out of the cell?
A: Exocytosis.
- Q: Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones?
A: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER).
- Q: What is the name of the process by which cells engulf and destroy pathogens or foreign particles?
A: Phagocytosis.
- Q: Which organelle is involved in the modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins for transport within the cell or secretion outside the cell?
A: The Golgi apparatus.
- Q: What is the process by which a cell divides to produce four genetically unique daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes?
A: Meiosis.
- Q: Which organelle contains the genetic material and is often referred to as the “brain” of the cell?
A: The nucleus.
- Q: What is the name of the process by which cells obtain energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen?
A: Cellular respiration.
- Q: Which organelle is responsible for capturing energy from sunlight and converting it into chemical energy (glucose) during photosynthesis?
A: The chloroplast.
Given that cell biology is a vast and dynamic field, the following questions and answers cover some fundamental concepts (For more comprehensive understanding and specific details, further study and research are recommended, meanwhile more post on this topic will be published soon):