BIOCHEMISTRY VIVA QUESTIONS: 100 Q&A IN CARBOHYDRATES
- What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, and they are an essential source of energy for living organisms.
- What are the three main types of carbohydrates?
The three main types of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
- What is a monosaccharide?
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar unit. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
- How are monosaccharides classified?
Monosaccharides are classified based on the number of carbon atoms they contain. Trioses have three carbon atoms, pentoses have five, and hexoses have six.
- What is glucose?
Glucose is a six-carbon monosaccharide and is the primary source of energy for most living organisms.
- What is fructose?
Fructose is another six-carbon monosaccharide and is commonly found in fruits and honey.
- What is galactose?
Galactose is a six-carbon monosaccharide and is a component of lactose, which is found in milk.
- What are disaccharides?
Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond. Examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
- What is sucrose?
Sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.
- What is lactose?
Lactose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose and is the primary sugar found in milk.
- What is maltose?
Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose units and is formed during the breakdown of starch.
- What are polysaccharides?
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharide units joined together. They serve as storage and structural compounds in living organisms.
- What is starch?
Starch is a polysaccharide and the primary storage form of glucose in plants.
- What is glycogen?
Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide and the primary storage form of glucose in animals and humans, mainly stored in the liver and muscles.
- What is cellulose?
Cellulose is a polysaccharide that forms the structural component of plant cell walls.
- What is chitin?
Chitin is a polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.
- What is the main function of carbohydrates in the body?
The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy for cellular activities and physiological processes.
- How does the body break down carbohydrates for energy?
Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose during digestion, and glucose is then utilized by cells for energy production through cellular respiration.
- What happens to excess glucose in the body?
Excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles. Once glycogen stores are full, any further excess glucose is converted into fat and stored in adipose tissue.
- What is the recommended daily intake of carbohydrates?
The recommended daily intake of carbohydrates varies based on factors such as age, sex, physical activity level, and overall health, but it generally falls between 45% to 65% of total daily calories.
- Are all carbohydrates equally beneficial for health?
No, not all carbohydrates are equally beneficial. Carbohydrates from whole, unprocessed foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are more nutritious and provide additional vitamins, minerals, and fiber compared to refined carbohydrates from sugary snacks and beverages.
- What is the glycemic index (GI)?
The glycemic index is a scale that ranks carbohydrates based on their effect on blood glucose levels. Foods with a high GI cause a rapid increase in blood sugar, while those with a low GI lead to a slower, more gradual increase.
- Why is the glycemic index important?
The glycemic index is important for managing blood sugar levels, especially for individuals with diabetes or those trying to control their weight.
- Is the glycemic index the only factor to consider in carbohydrate choices?
No, the glycemic index is just one factor to consider. The overall nutritional value, fiber content, and other macronutrients in the food should also be taken into account.
- Can carbohydrates be a part of a healthy diet for weight loss?
Yes, carbohydrates can be a part of a healthy diet for weight loss. Choosing complex carbohydrates, controlling portion sizes, and focusing on a balanced diet can support weight management.
- What are “empty calories” regarding carbohydrates?
Empty calories refer to foods that provide energy from added sugars or refined carbohydrates but offer little to no nutritional value in terms of vitamins, minerals, or other beneficial compounds.
- Is carbohydrate consumption linked to dental cavities?
Yes, a diet high in sugary carbohydrates, especially when consumed frequently, can contribute to dental cavities.
- What is lactose intolerance?
Lactose intolerance is a condition where the body lacks the enzyme lactase, which is needed to digest lactose, leading to digestive discomfort after consuming dairy products.
- Can people with lactose intolerance consume any dairy products?
Individuals with lactose intolerance often have trouble digesting milk, but some may tolerate small amounts of lactose or lactose-free dairy products like lactose-free milk and lactose-free yogurt.
- Are carbohydrates essential for human health?
While carbohydrates are not considered “essential” in the same way as essential fatty acids and amino acids, they are an important energy source for the body and a valuable component of a healthy diet.
- What is the “keto diet”?
The ketogenic (keto) diet is a high-fat, very low-carbohydrate diet designed to induce a state of ketosis, where the body relies on ketone bodies for energy instead of glucose.
- How does the keto diet work?
By drastically reducing carbohydrate intake, the body is forced to burn fat for fuel, producing ketone bodies as a byproduct, which can be used as an alternative energy source.
- What are some potential benefits of the keto diet?
Some potential benefits of the keto diet include weight loss, improved blood sugar control, and reduced seizures in certain cases of epilepsy.
- What are some potential risks of the keto diet?
Potential risks of the keto diet include nutrient deficiencies, constipation, kidney stones, and an increased risk of heart disease due to the high intake of saturated fats.
- Is the keto diet suitable for everyone?
The keto diet may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with certain medical conditions, such as pancreatitis, liver disease, or disorders of fat metabolism. It’s essential to consult a healthcare professional before starting the diet.
- What is the role of carbohydrates in athletic performance?
Carbohydrates are a primary source of energy during physical activity, and consuming an adequate amount of carbohydrates can improve endurance and performance.
- What is “carb-loading”?
Carb-loading is a strategy used by endurance athletes before a competition to maximize glycogen stores in muscles by consuming a high-carbohydrate diet.
- Can a low-carb diet negatively affect athletic performance?
For intense and prolonged physical activities, a low-carb diet may negatively impact performance due to reduced glycogen stores and limited energy availability
.
- Can carbohydrates affect mood and mental function?
Carbohydrates can influence mood and mental function by affecting serotonin levels in the brain, which plays a role in regulating mood and behavior.
- How do carbohydrates affect blood sugar levels?
Carbohydrates raise blood sugar levels after consumption, with the extent of the increase depending on the type of carbohydrate and its glycemic index.
- Are all carbohydrates converted into glucose in the body?
Most carbohydrates are converted into glucose during digestion, but some, like fiber, are not fully broken down and do not contribute to blood sugar levels.
- What is the difference between soluble and insoluble fiber?
Soluble fiber dissolves in water and forms a gel-like substance, while insoluble fiber does not dissolve and adds bulk to stool, aiding in digestion.
- How does fiber benefit health?
Fiber benefits health by promoting healthy bowel movements, supporting digestive health, reducing the risk of certain diseases, and aiding in weight management.
- How much fiber should one consume daily?
The recommended daily intake of fiber varies by age and gender but typically falls between 21 to 38 grams for adults.
- Can a low-carb diet be high in fiber?
Yes, a low-carb diet can still be high in fiber by focusing on low-carb, high-fiber foods like vegetables, nuts, seeds, and low-sugar fruits.
- What is “net carbs”?
Net carbs refer to the total carbohydrate content of a food item minus the fiber and sugar alcohols, as these components have a minimal impact on blood sugar levels.
- Are there any health benefits to reducing carbohydrate intake?
Reducing carbohydrate intake can lead to weight loss, improved blood sugar control in people with diabetes, and potential benefits for certain medical conditions like epilepsy.
- Can a low-carb diet help with diabetes management?
Yes, a low-carb diet can be beneficial for some individuals with diabetes as it can help stabilize blood sugar levels and reduce the need for insulin or other medications.
- How can carbohydrates impact insulin levels?
Carbohydrates, especially simple sugars, can cause a rapid increase in blood glucose levels, leading to a corresponding increase in insulin release to help regulate blood sugar.
- What is the relationship between insulin resistance and carbohydrates?
High intake of refined carbohydrates and added sugars can contribute to insulin resistance over time, a condition where the body’s cells become less responsive to insulin.
- Are all carbohydrates with added fiber healthier choices?
While adding fiber to some processed foods can be beneficial, it’s essential to consider the overall nutritional quality of the product, including added sugars and other ingredients.
- What are some examples of healthy sources of carbohydrates?
Healthy sources of carbohydrates include whole grains (e.g., quinoa, brown rice), fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts.
- What is the link between carbohydrates and cardiovascular health?
A diet rich in whole grains and fiber-rich foods can support heart health by reducing cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease.
- Can carbohydrates impact cholesterol levels?
Soluble fiber found in certain carbohydrates can help lower LDL (bad) cholesterol levels by binding to cholesterol and removing it from the body.
- Can a high-carb diet lead to obesity?
Excessive calorie intake, whether from carbohydrates, fats, or proteins, can contribute to obesity. The quality of the carbohydrates and overall diet play a significant role in weight management.
- How can carbohydrates affect energy levels and fatigue?
Consuming carbohydrates can provide a quick source of energy, and sudden drops in blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia) may lead to feelings of fatigue or tiredness.
- What is the “sugar crash”?
The “sugar crash” refers to the sudden drop in energy and feelings of fatigue that can occur after consuming a large amount of sugar or simple carbohydrates.
- Can carbohydrates affect sleep patterns?
Consuming large amounts of carbohydrates before bedtime, especially simple sugars, may disrupt sleep patterns and cause difficulty falling asleep.
- How can carbohydrates impact gut health?
Fiber-rich carbohydrates can promote a healthy gut by supporting beneficial gut bacteria and improving digestion.
- Are carbohydrates linked to inflammation?
Diets high in refined carbohydrates and added sugars may contribute to inflammation, while diets rich in whole, nutrient-dense foods can have anti-inflammatory effects.
- Can carbohydrates affect skin health?
Diets with a high glycemic load (i.e., foods that cause rapid spikes in blood sugar) may worsen acne and other skin conditions.
- How can carbohydrates affect brain development in children?
Complex carbohydrates play a vital role in providing energy for the growing brain and supporting cognitive development in children.
- What is the impact of carbohydrates on insulin and fat storage?
Highly processed carbohydrates and added sugars can lead to spikes in insulin levels, which may contribute to increased fat storage over time.
- What is “insulin sensitivity”?
Insulin sensitivity refers to how responsive the body’s cells are to insulin. Higher insulin sensitivity is beneficial for blood sugar control and overall health.
- Can a low-carb diet improve insulin sensitivity?
Yes, a low-carb diet can improve insulin sensitivity in some individuals, particularly those with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes.
- How does the body convert excess glucose into fat?
When glycogen stores are full, the liver converts excess glucose into fatty acids, which are then packaged into triglycerides and stored as fat in adipose tissue.
- What is the link between carbohydrates and serotonin production?
Carbohydrates can increase serotonin levels in the brain, which may contribute to feelings of well-being and happiness.
- Can carbohydrates lead to addiction-like behaviors?
Some research suggests that the consumption of high-sugar and high-fat foods can trigger addiction-like responses in the brain, leading to overeating.
- What is the “gut-brain axis” in relation to carbohydrates?
The gut-brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, which can be influenced by the types of carbohydrates consumed and the gut microbiota.
- How can carbohydrates impact fertility?
Diets high in refined carbohydrates and sugary beverages may be associated with a higher risk of infertility in women.
- Can carbohydrates affect hormone levels in the body?
Highly processed carbohydrates and sugary foods can lead to imbalances in certain hormones, such as insulin and leptin, which regulate hunger and satiety.
- How can carbohydrates affect dental health?
Consuming sugary foods and drinks can promote the growth of harmful bacteria in the mouth, leading to tooth decay and cavities.
- What is “carb-sensitive”?
The term “carb-sensitive” refers to individuals who experience rapid spikes and crashes in blood sugar levels after consuming carbohydrates.
- Can carb-sensitive individuals still include carbohydrates in their diet?
Yes, carb-sensitive individuals can still include carbohydrates in their diet but may benefit from choosing low-glycemic options and monitoring their portion sizes.
- Can carbohydrates affect cholesterol levels in the blood?
Diets high in refined carbohydrates and added sugars may lead to unfavorable changes in cholesterol levels, particularly an increase in triglycerides and LDL cholesterol.
- What is the link between carbohydrates and colorectal cancer risk?
Diets high in red and processed meats combined with low fiber intake (from carbohydrates) may increase the risk of colorectal cancer.
- Are carbohydrates linked to joint inflammation?
Certain carbohydrates, particularly those with a high glycemic index, may promote joint inflammation in some individuals.
- How can carbohydrates influence insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)
levels?
Highly processed carbohydrates and sugary foods may increase IGF-1 levels, which are associated with cell growth and may play a role in cancer development.
- Can a low-carb diet affect thyroid function?
A very low-carb diet may impact thyroid function by reducing thyroid hormone levels and potentially slowing down metabolism.
- How can carbohydrates impact triglyceride levels?
High intakes of refined carbohydrates and added sugars can raise triglyceride levels in the blood, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Can carbohydrates affect the body’s response to stress?
Carbohydrate-rich meals can influence the body’s stress response by affecting cortisol levels and providing a sense of comfort and well-being.
- What is the link between carbohydrates and fatty liver disease?
Diets high in fructose, often found in sugary beverages, may contribute to fatty liver disease.
- Can carbohydrates affect the absorption of certain nutrients?
Consuming certain carbohydrates alongside iron-rich foods can enhance iron absorption, while other carbohydrates may inhibit it.
- How can carbohydrates impact bone health?
High sugar intake and diets with a high glycemic index may negatively affect bone health and increase the risk of osteoporosis.
- Can carbohydrates impact kidney function?
Diets high in carbohydrates and processed foods may put more strain on the kidneys and could worsen kidney disease in some individuals.
- What is the relationship between carbohydrates and ghrelin (the hunger hormone)?
Carbohydrate-rich meals can influence ghrelin levels, which regulate appetite, leading to feelings of fullness and reduced hunger.
- How do carbohydrates affect blood pressure?
High sugar intake and diets high in refined carbohydrates can increase blood pressure levels, potentially leading to hypertension.
- Can carbohydrates affect the risk of gestational diabetes during pregnancy?
Diets high in sugary foods and beverages may increase the risk of gestational diabetes in pregnant women.
- How can carbohydrates affect insulin resistance?
Diets high in refined carbohydrates and added sugars can contribute to insulin resistance over time.
- Are there any links between carbohydrates and certain types of cancer?
Some research suggests that diets high in refined carbohydrates and added sugars may increase the risk of certain types of cancer, such as breast and colorectal cancer.
- Can carbohydrates impact liver health?
Diets high in fructose and added sugars may contribute to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
- What is the role of carbohydrates in the immune system?
Carbohydrates play a role in supporting the immune system by providing energy for immune cells and influencing gut health.
- Can carbohydrates affect thyroid function?
Excessive intake of certain carbohydrates, especially from processed foods, may negatively impact thyroid function.
- Can carbohydrates affect the risk of metabolic syndrome?
Diets high in refined carbohydrates and added sugars may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions that raise the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
- How can carbohydrates affect insulin-like growth factor (IGF) levels?
High sugar consumption may increase IGF levels, which are associated with cell growth and may contribute to cancer development.
- Can carbohydrates influence the body’s response to stress?
Carbohydrate-rich meals can affect the body’s stress response by influencing cortisol levels and providing a sense of comfort and well-being.
- What is the relationship between carbohydrates and fatty liver disease?
Diets high in fructose, often found in sugary beverages, may contribute to fatty liver disease.
- Can carbohydrates affect the absorption of certain nutrients?
Some carbohydrates can enhance the absorption of iron and other nutrients when consumed together.
- How can carbohydrates impact bone health?
High sugar intake and diets with a high glycemic index may negatively affect bone health and increase the risk of osteoporosis.
- Can carbohydrates affect kidney function?
Diets high in carbohydrates and processed foods may put more strain on the kidneys and could worsen kidney disease in some individuals.